During the Edo Period, Osaka transformed from an economic hub focused on manufacturing and selling goods into a prominent financial center. Rice traders were busy in the market, buying and selling based on expected price changes because of harvest conditions. Some traders were profitable while others suffered heavy losses.

For merchants in Edo-Period Osaka, gods and Buddhas were reliable sources of support. Expressions of gratitude like “okagesama” acknowledge the deities’ role in their well-being.

Mt. Ikoma, a site of ancient divine presence, served as a spiritual anchor for the people of Osaka, guiding them through the challenges of life, both in the past and present.

*This guide was created based on documents and interviews and includes some interpretation done by us at ON THE TRIP. Theories differ between experts, so try to find out what really happened on your travels!

ON THE TRIP Editorial Staff
Writer: Yukari Mikami
Photography: Hiroshi Honma
Narration: Daniel Jordan